Secondly, I installed the latest Start 10 - now MANY of my icons on the desktop are "whited out" lacking any of their former content on the desktop and in the system tray.
Start 10 won't affect desktop icons. What is most likely is the Windows Update itself has corrupted your system. The 'Anniversary Update' is simply tyhe most recent issue with Microsoft's methodology. It'd be more apt to request a refund from Microsoft citing poor business practice.
The guys at SD Support may have a fix, but that will need to be post-weekend, US time...