From the sounds of it you encountered the same issue without Start10 installed.
I believe your OS install is corrupted which is why no universal apps are showing other than edge (which is special)
Windows 8 had a flaw which could cause the modern ui apps to break and in Windows 10 the menu is a modern/universal app and it would appear the OS is still as fragile as Windows 8 was in this regard.
Unfortunately this is nothing to do with Start10 and is in fact a known MS issue : http://www.techtimes.com/articles/74116/20150805/windows-10-issues-cortana-and-start-menu-show-critical-error.htm Avast AV is also apparently linked to problems.
http://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/computing/has-your-windows-10-start-menu-stopped-working-here-are-four-ways-to-fix-it-11364000314532
It also looks like MS have a possible patch for this coming in the future :
http://www.vinereport.com/article/windows.10.cumulative.update.kb3093266.fixes.cortana.and.start.menu.issues.users.report.recurring.installation.failure/3514.htm
